Many of Alden’s hydraulic model studies involve complex suction piping to pumps, junctions in piping systems, and penstock bifurcations. It is important that the models be fabricated precisely in order to accurately predict flow patterns. Whether made of steel, plastic, or wood, all models are constructed in-house by highly skilled craftsmen. The construction sequence follows that proposed for the full-scale project. Thus, in addition to defining measures to optimize flow patterns, we can sometimes identify problems at the model scale that result in real cost savings to our clients as they finalize designs and construct the project.